Saturday, July 10, 2010
Sunday, July 4, 2010
Saturday, July 3, 2010
Thursday, July 1, 2010
Monday, June 28, 2010
Sunday, June 27, 2010
Monday, October 12, 2009
STRUCTURE OF THE EARTH
The interior structure of the Earth, similar to the other terrestrial planets, is layered. These layers can be defined by either their chemical or their rheological properties. The Earth has an outer silicate solid crust, a highly viscous mantle, a liquid outer core that is much less viscous than the mantle, and a solid inner core.
Scientific understanding of Earth's internal structure is based on observations of topography and bathymetry, observations of rock in outcrop, samples brought to the surface from greater depths by volcanic activity, analysis of the seismic waves that pass through the Earth, measurements of the gravity field of the Earth, and experiments with crystalline solids at pressures and temperatures characteristic of the Earth's deep interior.
Scientific understanding of Earth's internal structure is based on observations of topography and bathymetry, observations of rock in outcrop, samples brought to the surface from greater depths by volcanic activity, analysis of the seismic waves that pass through the Earth, measurements of the gravity field of the Earth, and experiments with crystalline solids at pressures and temperatures characteristic of the Earth's deep interior.
Friday, July 10, 2009
ENDANGERED & EXTINCT ANIMALS
SJK(T) Pondok Tanjong student's Google Presentation Project.
The Following is the link for my students Google Doc Project. Click to View!
>GOOGLE DOCUMENT PROJECT<
THE SOLAR SYSTEM
The Solar System consists of the Sun and those celestial objects bound to it by gravity, all of which formed from the collapse of a giant molecular cloud approximately 4.6 billion years ago. The Sun's retinue of objects circle it in a nearly flat disc called the ecliptic plane, most of the mass of which is contained within eight relatively solitary planets whose orbits are almost circular. The four smaller inner planets; Mercury, Venus, Earth and Mars, also called the terrestrial planets, are primarily composed of rock and metal. The four outer planets, Jupiter, Saturn, Uranus and Neptune, also called the gas giants, are composed largely of hydrogen and helium and are far more massive than the terrestrials.
The Solar System is also home to two main belts of small bodies. The asteroid belt, which lies between Mars and Jupiter, is similar to the terrestrial planets as it is composed mainly of rock and metal.
Sunday, June 28, 2009
Thursday, June 25, 2009
WAJA SCIENCE PROGRAM 2009
YEAR 4 WAJA SCIENCE
Theme 1 ( Investigating Living Things )
Theme 2 ( Investigating Force & Energy )
Theme 3 ( Investigating Materials )
Theme 4 ( Investigating The Earth & The Universe )
Theme 5 ( Investigating Technology )
Answers Waja Year 4
Download Waja Year 4 All !
YEAR 5 WAJA SCIENCE
Theme 1 ( Investigating Living Things )
Theme 2 ( Investigating Force & Energy )
Theme 3 ( Investigating Materials )
Theme 4 ( Investigating The Earth & The Universe )
Theme 5 ( Investigating Technology )
Answers Waja Year 5
Download Waja Year 5 All !
YEAR 6 WAJA SCIENCE
Theme 1 ( Investigating Living Things )
Theme 2 ( Investigating Force & Energy )
Theme 3 ( Investigating Materials )
Theme 4 ( Investigating The Earth & The Universe )
Theme 5 ( Investigating Technology )
Answers Waja Year 6
Download Waja Year 6 All !
Tuesday, June 23, 2009
WAJA SCIENCE PROGRAM 2008
SECTION A
Waja Module 1 Theme 1 (Part A)*****************Waja Module 6 Theme 2
Waja Module 2 Theme 1 (Part B)****************Waja Module 7 Theme 3
Waja Module 3 Theme 1****************Waja Module 8 Theme 3
Waja Module 4 Theme 1**************** Waja Module 9 Theme 4
Waja Module 5 Theme 2**************** Waja Module 10 Theme 5
Waja Module 6 Theme 2****************Waja answer Scheme
SECTION B
Section B ( Variables )**********Section ( Conclusion )
Section B ( Hypothesis )************Section B ( Relationship )
Section B ( Aim)*************Section B ( Trend )
Section B ( Predicting )
Section B ( Making Inference)
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Sunday, June 21, 2009
THE MOON
The Moon is Earth's only natural satellite and the fifth largest satellite in the Solar System. The average centre-to-centre distance from the Earth to the Moon is 384,403 km, about thirty times the diameter of the Earth. The common centre of mass of the system (the barycentre) is located about 1,700 km—a quarter the Earth's radius—beneath the surface of the Earth. The Moon makes a complete orbit around the Earth every 27.3 days (the orbital period), and the periodic variations in the geometry of the Earth–Moon–Sun system are responsible for the lunar phases that repeat every 29.5 days (the synodic period).
The Moon's diameter is 3,474 km, a little more than a quarter of that of the Earth. Thus, the Moon's surface area is less than a tenth that of the Earth (about a quarter the Earth's land area, approximately as large as Russia, Canada, and the United States combined), and its volume is about 2 percent that of Earth. The pull of gravity at its surface is about 17 percent of that at the Earth's surface.
The Moon is the only celestial body to which humans have traveled and upon which humans have performed a manned landing. The first artificial object to pass near the Moon was the Soviet Union's Luna 1, the first artificial object to impact the lunar surface was Luna 2, and the first photographs of the normally occluded far side of the Moon were made by Luna 3, all in 1959. The first spacecraft to perform a successful lunar soft landing was Luna 9, and the first unmanned vehicle to orbit the Moon was Luna 10, both in 1966. The United States (U.S.) Apollo program achieved the only manned missions to date, resulting in six landings between 1969 and 1972. Human exploration of the Moon ceased with the conclusion of the Apollo program, although a few robotic landers and orbiters have been sent to the Moon since that time. Nonetheless, several countries have announced plans to return humans to the surface of the Moon in the 2020.
Phases Of Moon
The Moon's diameter is 3,474 km, a little more than a quarter of that of the Earth. Thus, the Moon's surface area is less than a tenth that of the Earth (about a quarter the Earth's land area, approximately as large as Russia, Canada, and the United States combined), and its volume is about 2 percent that of Earth. The pull of gravity at its surface is about 17 percent of that at the Earth's surface.
The Moon is the only celestial body to which humans have traveled and upon which humans have performed a manned landing. The first artificial object to pass near the Moon was the Soviet Union's Luna 1, the first artificial object to impact the lunar surface was Luna 2, and the first photographs of the normally occluded far side of the Moon were made by Luna 3, all in 1959. The first spacecraft to perform a successful lunar soft landing was Luna 9, and the first unmanned vehicle to orbit the Moon was Luna 10, both in 1966. The United States (U.S.) Apollo program achieved the only manned missions to date, resulting in six landings between 1969 and 1972. Human exploration of the Moon ceased with the conclusion of the Apollo program, although a few robotic landers and orbiters have been sent to the Moon since that time. Nonetheless, several countries have announced plans to return humans to the surface of the Moon in the 2020.
Phases Of Moon
The Moon makes a complete orbit around the Earth with respect to the fixed stars about once every 27.3 days (its sidereal period). However, since the Earth is moving in its orbit about the Sun at the same time, it takes slightly longer for the Moon to show its same phase to Earth, which is about 29.5 days (its synodic period). Unlike most satellites of other planets, the Moon orbits near the ecliptic and not the Earth's equatorial plane. It is the largest moon in the solar system relative to the size of its planet. (Charon is larger relative to the dwarf planet Pluto.) The natural satellites orbiting other planets are called "moons", after Earth's Moon.
Most of the tidal effects seen on the Earth are caused by the Moon's gravitational pull, with the Sun making a somewhat smaller contribution. Tidal drag slows the Earth's rotation by about 0.002 seconds per day per century. As a result of the conservation of angular momentum, the slowing of Earth's rotation is accompanied by an increase of the mean Earth-Moon distance of about 3.8 m per century, or 3.8 cm per year. The Moon is exceptionally large relative to the Earth, being a quarter the diameter of the planet and 1/81 its mass. However, the Earth and Moon are still commonly considered a planet-satellite system, rather than a double-planet system, since the common centre of mass of the system (the barycentre) is located about 1,700 km beneath the surface of the Earth, or about a quarter of the Earth's radius. The surface of the Moon is less than one-tenth that of the Earth and only about a quarter the size of the Earth's land area (or about as large as Russia, Canada, and the U.S. combined).
Eclipse Of The Moon
Eclipses can occur only when the Sun, Earth, and Moon are all in a straight line. Solar eclipses occur near a new moon, when the Moon is between the Sun and Earth. In contrast, lunar eclipses occur near a full moon, when the Earth is between the Sun and Moon.
Because the Moon's orbit around the Earth is inclined by about 5° with respect to the orbit of the Earth around the Sun, eclipses do not occur at every full and new moon. For an eclipse to occur, the Moon must be near the intersection of the two orbital planes.
The periodicity and recurrence of eclipses of the Sun by the Moon, and of the Moon by the Earth, is described by the saros cycle, which has a period of approximately 6 585.3 days (18 years 11 days 8 hours).
The angular diameters of the Moon and the Sun as seen from Earth overlap in their variation, so that both total and annular solar eclipses are possible. In a total eclipse, the Moon completely covers the disc of the Sun and the solar corona becomes visible to the naked eye. Since the distance between the Moon and the Earth is very slightly increasing over time, the angular diameter of the Moon is decreasing. This means that hundreds of millions of years ago the Moon could always completely cover the Sun on solar eclipses so that no annular eclipses were possible. Likewise, about 600 million years from now (assuming that the angular diameter of the Sun will not change), the Moon will no longer cover the Sun completely and only annular eclipses will occur.
Saturday, June 20, 2009
SCIENCE SECTION B GUIDE
Tips & Tricks
1. You are given 30 minutes.
2. Questions are based on diagram / pictures/bar charts/dialogues/statements.
3. Read the question carefully and understand it. The information given can guide you to answer
the question.
4. Your answers should be short and brief.
5. Your handwriting should be neat and easy to read.
6. Differentiate the three variables.
7. Check your answers and make sure that your spelling are correct and use the
correct science terms.
1. Observation
Use all the five senses to tell about some things
• smell
• taste
• texture
• size
• Condition
Maria’s duck Danial’s duck
State an observation from the diagram.
A) Maria’s duck is bigger than Daniel's duck.
B) Maria’s duck is heavier than Daniel's duck.
2. Inference
To reach a decision by thinking or reasoning.
Reason For Observation
State one inference from your observation.
a) Maria fed her duck with nutritious food than Daniel’s duck.
b) The quantity of food given to Maria’s duck is more than Daniel’s duck.
c) Maria’s duck gene is better then Daniel’s duck.
3. Controlling data
3.1 Constant variable/fixed variable
Things that are kept the same
Example : the same
• size of beaker /glass/box/room/plant…
• distance
• type of plant/ball/liquid/flower/duck…
• quantity of fruits/sugar/salt…
• volume/amount of water
3.2 Manipulated variable
Things that are changed
Example : the different
• type of materials/plant/liquid…
• size of books/room /balloon..
• quantity of sugar/salt/
• volume of water/liquid/coffee…
• distance or
• the presence of water/air/sunlight
3.3 Controlling Variables
Make sure that each variable is answered in a complete sentence.
comparison measurement (characteristic) of + object
higher/lower ............................................temperature water
larger/bigger ............................................volume oil/box
heavier/lighter..........................................mass iron ball/fruits
larger/smaller ..........................................shape container
more /less .................................................numbers ball/fruits/marbles
more/less ..................................................time taken for the ice cubes to melt
longer /shorter .........................................length string/rope
darker/brighter ........................................colour material / shirt /container
thicker/thinner..........................................thickness cloth/book
larger/bigger..............................................size box/cup/plate
further/nearer...........................................distance toy car to stop
3.3 Responding variable
The result of the experiment
Example :
• condition of materials/plants/rats after…
• the number of….
• time taken to …
3.4 State the following variables :
i – manipulated variable : the quantity of food
the quality of food
the gene of duck
ii – responding variable : the size of the duck
the weight of the duck
iii – controlled variables : the type of ducks
4. The aim of an investigation
a) To investigate the relationship between MV and RV
b) To study the relationship between MV and RV
4.1 What is the aim of the investigation?
i) To investigate the relationship between the quantity of food given to the duck and the size of
the duck.
ii) To investigate the relationship between the quality of food given to the duck and the weight of
the duck.
5. Hypothesis
An idea or suggestion, put forward as a starting-point for reasoning or an explanation.
An early idea that must be tested.
The more ( comparison of adverb/adjective ) MV the more (comparison of adverb/adjective) RV
Write one hypothesis based on the diagram.
i) The more quantity of food given to the duck the heavier the weight of duck.
ii) The better the quality of food given to the duck the bigger the size of the duck.
iii) The better the gene of the duck the bigger the size of the duck.
6. Conclusion
What is settle in the mind.
1. On the whole – plants/animals/humans/object etc
2. According to the question
What conclusion can be made from this investigation?
i) Ducks need high quality of food to grow bigger in size.
ii) Ducks with better gene will grow bigger.
ii) Ducks that are given more quantity of food will have heavier weight.
Maria and Daniel rear ten ducks in the same size coop.
The result are recorded for three month.
7. Predicting
Expecting what will happen based on the observation/ information/data/prior knowledge.
If the question ask for specific numbers that can be calculate, you have to give a specific numbers.
Example 1 :
Predict the weight of Maria’s duck after four month.
………………………………………………………
If the question is in the statement form /incomplete data
Example 2 :
Predict the weight of Maria’s ducks on the forth month if the quantity of food are reduce to one kilogram per day.
…………………………………………………………………………………… SCIENCE PROCESS SKILL IN SECTION B
1. OBSERVING 2. INFERENCING 3. PREDECTING 4. INTERPRETING DATA 5. VARIABLE 6. HYPOTHESIS CRITERIA IN SECTION B
1. OBSERVATION 2. INFERENCE 3. PREDICTING 4. TREND 5. RELATIONSHIP 6. CONCLUSION 7. MANIPULATED VARIABLE (WHAT TO CHANGE) 8. RESPONDING VARIABLE (WHAT TO MEASURE) 9. CONTROLLED VARIABLE (KEPT TO SAME) 10. AIM 11. HYPOTHESIS Question 1 The picture shows a torchlight .The table shows the ability of the torch light using three batteries to function at different times. Time(hours)......Brightness of the bulb in torch light 2.......................Brightest 4.......................Bright 6.......................Dim 1. Based on the experiment, state the following variables: What to change/ manipulated :………………………………………………………. What to measure/ responding :…………………………………………………………. Kept the same/ controlled : …………………………………………………………. 2. What is the aim of the investigation? …………………………………………………………………………………………………… 3. Suggest one hypothesis based on the table. ………………………………………………………………………………………………………… 4. What is your observation about the brightness of the bulb for two hours? ………………………………………………………………………………………………………… 5 . State your inference based on your observation. ………………………………………………………………………………………………………… 6. What is your conclusion based on the table? ……………………………………………………………………………………………………… ……………………………………………………………………………………………………… Suggested Answers 1. Based on the experiment, state the following variables: What to change/ manipulated : time What to measure/ responding : Brightness of the bulb in torch light Kept the same/ controlled : type of battery, number of battery
2. To study/ investigate the relationship between the time and the brightest of the bulb in torch
light.
3. The more the time the more the brightest of the bulb in torch light / if the time increase then
the brightest of the bulb in torch light decrease.
4. The brightest of the bulb in torch light is more brightest at two hour.
5. The brightest of the bulb in torch light is more brightest at two hour because there
is enough power.
6. The more the time the more the brightest of the bulb in torch light / if the time increase then the brightest of the bulb in torch light decrease.
Source: SK Sayung, Kuala Kangsar.
Thursday, June 18, 2009
PLANET PLUTO
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Pluto is the second-largest known dwarf planet in the Solar System and the tenth-largest body observed directly orbiting the Sun. Originally classified as a planet, Pluto is now considered the largest member of a distinct population called the Kuiper belt.
Like other members of the Kuiper belt, Pluto is composed primarily of rock and ice and is relatively small: approximately a fifth the mass of the Earth's Moon and a third its volume. It has an eccentric and highly inclined orbit that takes it from 30 to 49 AU (4.4–7.4 billion km) from the Sun. This causes Pluto periodically to come closer to the Sun than Neptune.
Pluto and its largest moon, Charon, are sometimes treated together as a binary system because the barycentre of their orbits does not lie within either body. The International Astronomical Union (IAU) has yet to formalise a definition for binary dwarf planets, and until it passes such a ruling, Charon is classified as a moon of Pluto. Pluto has two known smaller moons, Nix and Hydra, discovered in 2005. Like Uranus, Pluto rotates on its "side" relative to its orbital plane, and the Pluto-Charon system does also.
From its discovery in 1930 until 2006, Pluto was considered the Solar System's ninth planet. In the late 1970s, following the discovery of minor planet 2060 Chiron in the outer Solar System and the recognition of Pluto's very low mass, its status as a major planet began to be questioned. Later, in the early 21st century, many objects similar to Pluto were discovered in the outer solar system, notably the scattered disc object Eris, which is 27% more massive than Pluto. On August 24, 2006, the IAU defined the term "planet" for the first time. This definition excluded Pluto as a planet, and added it as a member of the new category "dwarf planet" along with Eris and Ceres. After the reclassification, Pluto was added to the list of minor planets and given the number 134340. A number of scientists continue to hold that Pluto should be classified as a planet.
PLANET URANUS
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Uranus is the seventh planet from the Sun, the third-largest, and the fourth most massive planet in the Solar System. Though it is visible to the naked eye like the five classical planets, it was never recognized as a planet by ancient observers because of its dimness and slow orbit. Sir William Herschel announced its discovery on March 13, 1781, expanding the known boundaries of the solar system for the first time in modern history. This was also the first discovery of a planet made using a telescope.
Uranus is similar in composition to Neptune, and both have different compositions from those of the larger gas giants Jupiter and Saturn. As such, astronomers sometimes place them in a separate category, the "ice giants". Uranus's atmosphere, while similar to Jupiter's and Saturn's in being composed primarily of hydrogen and helium, contains a higher proportion of "ices" such as water, ammonia and methane, along with traces of hydrocarbons. It is the coldest planetary atmosphere in the Solar System, with a minimum temperature of 49 K (−224 °C). It has a complex, layered cloud structure, with water thought to make up the lowest clouds, and methane thought to make up the uppermost layer of clouds. In contrast the interior of Uranus is mainly composed of ices and rock.
Like the other giant planets, Uranus has a ring system, a magnetosphere, and numerous moons. The Uranian system has a unique configuration among the planets because its axis of rotation is tilted sideways, nearly into the plane of its revolution about the Sun. As such, its north and south poles lie where most other planets have their equators. Seen from Earth, Uranus's rings can sometimes appear to circle the planet like an archery target and its moons revolve around it like the hands of a clock, though in 2007 and 2008 the rings appeared edge-on. In 1986, images from Voyager 2 showed Uranus as a virtually featureless planet in visible light without the cloud bands or storms associated with the other giants. However, terrestrial observers have seen signs of seasonal change and increased weather activity in recent years as Uranus approached its equinox. The wind speeds on Uranus can reach 250 meters per second (900 km/h, 560 mph).
PLANET NEPTUNE
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Neptune is the eighth planet from the Sun in the Solar System. Named for the Roman god of the sea, it is the fourth-largest planet by diameter and the third-largest by mass. Neptune is 17 times the mass of Earth and is slightly more massive than its near-twin Uranus, which is 15 Earth masses and not as dense. On average, Neptune orbits the Sun at a distance of 30.1 AU, approximately 30 times the Earth-Sun distance.
Discovered on September 23, 1846, Neptune was the first planet found by mathematical prediction rather than by empirical observation. Unexpected changes in the orbit of Uranus led astronomers to deduce that its orbit was subject to gravitational perturbation by an unknown planet. Neptune was subsequently found within a degree of its predicted position, and its largest moon, Triton, was discovered shortly thereafter, though none of the planet's remaining 12 moons was located telescopically until the 20th century. Neptune has been visited by only one spacecraft, Voyager 2, which flew by the planet on August 25, 1989.
Neptune is similar in composition to Uranus, and both have compositions which differ from those of the larger gas giants Jupiter and Saturn. Neptune's atmosphere, while similar to Jupiter's and Saturn's in that it is composed primarily of hydrogen and helium, along with traces of hydrocarbons and possibly nitrogen, contains a higher proportion of "ices" such as water, ammonia and methane. Astronomers sometimes categorize Uranus and Neptune as "ice giants" in order to emphasize these distinctions. The interior of Neptune, like that of Uranus, is primarily composed of ices and rock. Traces of methane in the outermost regions in part account for the planet's blue appearance.
PLANET SATURN
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Saturn
Saturn is the sixth planet from the Sun and the second largest planet in the Solar System, after Jupiter. Saturn, along with Jupiter, Uranus and Neptune, is classified as a gas giant. Together, these four planets are sometimes referred to as the Jovian, meaning "Jupiter-like", planets.
The planet Saturn is composed of hydrogen, with small proportions of helium and trace elements. The interior consists of a small core of rock and ice, surrounded by a thick layer of metallic hydrogen and a gaseous outer layer. The outer atmosphere is generally bland in appearance, although long-lived features can appear. Wind speeds on Saturn can reach 1,800 km/h, significantly faster than those on Jupiter. Saturn has a planetary magnetic field intermediate in strength between that of Earth and the more powerful field around Jupiter.
comparison of the sizes of Saturn and Earth
Saturn has a prominent system of rings, consisting mostly of ice particles with a smaller amount of rocky debris and dust. Sixty-one known moons orbit the planet, not counting hundreds of "moonlets" within the rings. Titan, Saturn's largest and the Solar System's second largest moon (after Jupiter's Ganymede), is larger than the planet Mercury and is the only moon in the Solar System to possess a significant atmosphere.
comparison of the sizes of Saturn and Earth
PLANET JUPITER
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Jupiter, pronounced is the fifth planet from the Sun and the largest planet within the Solar System. It is a gas giant with mass slightly less than one-thousandth that of the Sun but is two and a half times more massive than all of the other planets in our Solar System combined. Jupiter is classified as a gas giant along with Saturn, Uranus and Neptune. Together, these four planets are sometimes referred to as the Jovian planets.
The planet was known by astronomers of ancient times and was associated with the mythology and religious beliefs of many cultures. The Romans named the planet after the Roman god Jupiter. When viewed from Earth, Jupiter can reach an apparent magnitude of −2.8, making it on average the third-brightest object in the night sky after the Moon and Venus. (Mars can briefly exceed Jupiter's brightness at certain points in its orbit.)
Jupiter is primarily composed of hydrogen with a quarter of its mass being helium; it may also have a rocky core of heavier elements. Because of its rapid rotation, Jupiter's shape is that of an oblate spheroid (it possesses a slight but noticeable bulge around the equator). The outer atmosphere is visibly segregated into several bands at different latitudes, resulting in turbulence and storms along their interacting boundaries. A prominent result is the Great Red Spot, a giant storm that is known to have existed since at least the 17th century when it was first seen by telescope. Surrounding the planet is a faint planetary ring system and a powerful magnetosphere. There are also at least 63 moons, including the four large moons called the Galilean moons that were first discovered by Galileo Galilei in 1610. Ganymede, the largest of these moons, has a diameter greater than that of the planet Mercury.
PLANET MARS
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Mars is the fourth planet from the Sun in the Solar System. The planet is named after Mars, the Roman god of war. It is also referred to as the "Red Planet" because of its reddish appearance, due to iron oxide prevalent on its surface.
Size comparison of Earth and Mars.
Mars
Mar's Surface
Mar's Surface
